1. Introduction
  2. Segmenting Tasks to Maximize International Work
  3. HIPAA Compliance for International Teams
  4. ITAR Regulations: Allowing International Developers to Contribute Safely
  5. Export Administration Regulations (EAR) for Software Projects
  6. Managing OFAC Compliance with International Teams
  7. CCPA and GDPR Compliance in Hiring Internationally
  8. GLBA Compliance: Financial Data and Segregating Work
  9. Protecting Proprietary Information Under DTSA
  10. FATCA Compliance in Paying International Contractors
  11. FAR and DFARS: Maximizing Government Work Abroad
  12. Top Excuses Firms Make For Excluding Remote and Global Talent
  13. Security and Vetting of International Developers

1. Introduction

Hiring software developers from South Asia and Africa is a powerful way for startups to access the best global talent, manage costs, and scale quickly. It’s also more meritocratic. However, compliance with U.S. regulations such as HIPAA, ITAR, and others can seem daunting. The good news is that, with careful structuring, the vast majority of development tasks can be handled by skilled international developers, leaving only the legally restricted parts to U.S. personnel. This guide details how to maximize international involvement while remaining fully compliant with all applicable laws.

Also, we should stop calling hiring foreign talent “outsourcing”. All it is is making the hiring process more competitive and fair by allowing anyone in the world who is qualified to apply, and potentially become a full and equal member of the team.

2. General Strategy: Segmenting Tasks to Maximize International Work

To ensure compliance while utilizing international talent:

  • Separate Project Components: Break down projects into distinct, modular parts (frontend, backend, AI/ML, etc.). Only the parts regulated by law should be handled by U.S. developers.
  • Frontend Work: This can be entirely handled by international teams.
  • Backend and Algorithm Development: Only the final integration of protected algorithms needs U.S. oversight. Separate algorithm tuning and experimentation can be done internationally using anonymized or synthetic data.
  • Data Access: Keep data access strictly to U.S.-based personnel, while other aspects of the project use data-mocked environments.
  • AI/ML Development: International developers can work on training, experimentation, and model development. Final model weights or training using sensitive data can be restricted to U.S. servers, overseen by U.S. personnel.

Remember, 99% of the time, developers and designers aren’t touching production data, which is usually what the law cares about.

3. HIPAA Compliance for International Teams

Health Insurance Portability and Accountability Act (HIPAA) governs the protection of health information.

  • What the Law States: PHI must be protected, and only authorized individuals should access it.
  • Maximizing International Work:
    • Frontend Development: All UI/UX work, including web and mobile development, can be done by foreign talent.
    • Backend APIs: International teams can develop and maintain APIs that do not directly handle production PHI.
    • AI/ML Experimentation: International developers can conduct research and experimentation on de-identified or synthetic data. Final PHI data integration and model deployment can be handled by a U.S. developer.
    • Secure Data Handling: Use AWS Lambda to isolate sensitive functions, ensuring that only authorized U.S.-based personnel access production PHI data.

4. ITAR Regulations: Allowing International Developers to Contribute Safely

International Traffic in Arms Regulations (ITAR) restricts defense-related technologies to U.S. persons.

  • What the Law States: Only U.S. citizens or authorized personnel can handle ITAR-controlled data.
  • Maximizing International Work:
    • Frontend and UI/UX: International developers can create all user interfaces, dashboards, and design elements.
    • Algorithm Development: Allow international teams to work on developing and testing algorithms with mock data. The final algorithm integration into ITAR-controlled environments is limited to U.S. developers.
    • Simulation Environments: Use simulated data to allow international teams to test and refine models without accessing ITAR-sensitive data.

5. Export Administration Regulations (EAR) for Software Projects

Export Administration Regulations (EAR) controls the export of dual-use technologies.

What the Law States: Licensing is required to export controlled technologies to foreign nationals.

Maximizing International Work:

  • Non-Sensitive Code: International teams can handle all non-sensitive backend development, data processing, and non-EAR-related algorithms.
  • Modular Structure: Use microservices and modular coding to separate EAR-sensitive components from the rest of the application. U.S.-based personnel only manage sensitive data integration.
  • API-Based Development: Allow international developers to work on general API layers, while backend services interacting with EAR-regulated data are managed by U.S. developers.

6. Managing OFAC Compliance with International Teams

Office of Foreign Assets Control (OFAC) sanctions restrict business with certain countries.

  • Sanctioned Countries: Countries like North Korea, Iran, Syria, and Cuba are under OFAC sanctions. However, India, Nepal, Egypt, Ethiopia, Kenya, Tanzania, Uganda, Nigeria, and Algeria are NOT sanctioned and are permissible for hiring.
  • Maximizing International Work:
    • Country Vetting: Ensure all partners and developers are screened against OFAC lists. Use automated compliance software for ongoing monitoring.
    • Use Compliant Payment Channels: Pay foreign developers through platforms like PayPal or Wise that comply with OFAC regulations, ensuring payments are traceable and compliant.

7. CCPA and GDPR Compliance in Hiring Internationally

California Consumer Privacy Act (CCPA) and General Data Protection Regulation (GDPR) regulate data privacy.

What the Law States: Data handling requires transparency, user consent, and minimization.

Maximizing International Work:

  • Frontend and Design: Entirely manageable by international developers since it doesn’t involve direct access to user data.
  • Backend and Processing: Use role-based access controls and separate sensitive data handling into restricted services managed by U.S. developers. Data analytics and non-sensitive processing can be assigned to international talent.
  • Anonymized Data Use: Utilize anonymized datasets for international development and testing.

8. GLBA Compliance: Financial Data and Segregating Work

Gramm-Leach-Bliley Act (GLBA) requires financial institutions to protect customer data.

  • What the Law States: Secure customer data, maintain privacy notices, and control access.
  • Maximizing International Work:
    • Frontend Development: International developers handle interfaces, design, and client-side scripting.
    • Non-Critical Backend Services: Most backend services, except those directly processing financial data, can be developed internationally.
    • Microservices for Sensitive Data: Create distinct microservices handling customer data, limiting access to U.S. developers.

9. Protecting Proprietary Information Under DTSA

Defend Trade Secrets Act (DTSA) protects confidential business information.

  • What the Law States: Trade secrets must be safeguarded from theft or unauthorized use.
  • Maximizing International Work:
    • Algorithm Development and Experimentation: Allow international teams to work on the experimentation, testing, and tuning of algorithms using mock or synthetic data.
    • Code Obfuscation: Secure proprietary algorithms by obfuscating code that will be worked on internationally. Only final sensitive elements are reviewed and integrated by U.S. personnel.

10. FATCA Compliance in Paying International Contractors

Foreign Account Tax Compliance Act (FATCA) governs reporting on international payments.

  • What the Law States: Requires U.S. companies to report payments to foreign entities.
  • Maximizing International Work:
    • Streamlined Payment Process: Use compliant payment services that handle FATCA reporting, reducing administrative burden.
    • Contractual Clarity: Ensure all work is clearly outlined in contracts with international developers, specifying responsibilities and compliance requirements.

11. FAR and DFARS: Maximizing Government Work Abroad

Federal Acquisition Regulations (FAR) and Defense Federal Acquisition Regulation Supplement (DFARS) set guidelines for government projects.

  • What the Law States: U.S. government work may require U.S. citizen involvement for certain aspects.
  • Maximizing International Work:
    • Frontend, UX, and Non-Sensitive Backend: Can be managed by international developers, while compliance-heavy backend integration is handled in the U.S.
    • Controlled Deployment: Only U.S.-based personnel have the authority to deploy code to production government systems.

12. Excuses Firms Make For Excluding Remote and Global Talent

Common myths and concerns about international hiring can prevent companies from leveraging global talent effectively. Here’s how to mitigate each:

  1. “Quality Isn’t As Good”: Today’s developers in India, Kenya, and similar countries are well-trained, certified, and experienced. Verified networks ensure high standards and many international developers are less prone to churn, providing stability.
  2. “Security Concerns”: Use vetted networks where developers are background-checked and have verified credentials. Security protocols, encryption, and access controls mitigate any risk.
  3. “Legal Compliance is Difficult”: As shown above, legal compliance can be managed effectively with clear segregation of duties and careful access management, allowing the majority of work to be done by non-US workers. Countries like India in particular, and Kenya, have long-standing outsourcing agreements with the U.S., providing robust legal structures that protect U.S. IP, data, and technology, making compliance straightforward. Our company learned about this after collaborating with Infosys on several projects.
  4. “Cultural and Time Zone Differences”: Modern communication tools, clear documentation, and overlapping work hours reduce friction. Many international developers are accustomed to working in U.S. time zones.
  5. “Outsourcing Horror Stories”: Many of these are outdated or based on poor management practices. With today’s verification systems and clear task segmentation, these issues are largely mitigated.
  6. “Intellectual Property Concerns”: Implement NDAs, secure environments, and track changes with version control systems like GitHub to ensure proprietary information remains protected. Use poly repo setups.
  7. “Difficulties in Finding a U.S. Tech Cofounder”: U.S. tech talent is expensive, often disloyal, and quick to churn to competitors. In contrast, developers in India, Kenya, and other countries show high commitment levels, loyalty, and legal compliance.
  8. “Attrition and Churn”: Foreign developers, particularly from India and Africa, tend to stay longer with firms and offer consistent service, reducing the need for constant hiring and training cycles.

13. Security and Vetting of International Developers

International developers from networks in India, Nepal, Egypt, Ethiopia, Kenya, Tanzania, Uganda, Nigeria, and Algeria can be thoroughly vetted, with background checks, reference verification, and work history reviews. This ensures that they are reliable, skilled, and secure choices for critical tasks, providing peace of mind while enhancing project efficiency and security.